Salvation Army

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=====High Council=====
The High Council is an international group of Salvation Army officers composed of active Commissioners and Territorial Commanders with the rank of full Colonel who have held the rank for at least two years, who elect the General. 
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It was established in 1904 by [[William Booth|General William Booth]] as a safeguard to allow the removal from office of an incumbent General who had become, for whatever reason, unfit to continue to exercise oversight, direction and control of The Salvation Army. He intended that the normal method of succession would be for the General in office to select his successor. [[Bramwell Booth|General Bramwell Booth]] was the only General ever selected this way in 1912.
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By November 1928, Bramwell Booth had been absent from [[International Headquarters]] for seven months on account of illness, and a High Council was called. The 63 members, being all the commissioners on active service and certain territorial commanders, gathered at Sunbury Court near London on January 8, 1929 and eventually voted that the General, then aged 73, was 'unfit on the ground of ill-health' to continue in office. On February 13, 1929, the High Council elected [[Edward Higgins|Commissioner Edward J. Higgins]] as the Army's third General.

====1929====
The first High Council occurred from January 8 until February 13. The President was [[James Hay|Commissioner James Hay]] and the Vice President was [[officers:William Haines|Lt. Commissioner William Haines]]. General-Elect [[Edward Higgins]] was announced.

===Nominees===
  * Commissioner [[officers:Catherine Booth]]
  * Commander [[Evangeline Booth]]
  * Commissioner [[James Hay]]
  * Commissioner [[Edward Higgins]]
  * Commissioner [[officers:Samuel Hurren]]
  * Commissioner [[Henry Mapp]]
  * Lt. Commissioner [[Charles Rich]]

===Candidates===
  * Commander [[Evangeline Booth]]
  * Commissioner [[Edward Higgins]]

====1934====
The second High Council ran from August 28 until September 3. The President was [[officers:Karl Larsson|Commissioner Karl Larsson]] and the Vice President was [[George Carpenter|Lt. Commissioner George Carpenter]]. General-Elect [[Evangeline Booth]] was announced.

===Nominees===
  * Commander [[Evangeline Booth]]
  * Commissioner [[officers:Catherine Booth]]
  * Commissioner [[James Hay]]
  * Commissioner [[officers:Samuel Hurren]]
  * Commissioner [[officers:David Lamb]]
  * Commissioner [[Henry Mapp]]
  * Commissioner [[John McMillan]]

===Candidates===
  * Commander [[Evangeline Booth]]
  * Commissioner [[officers:Catherine Booth]]
  * Commissioner [[officers:Samuel Hurren]]
  * Commissioner [[officers:David Lamb]]
  * Commissioner [[Henry Mapp]]


====1939====
The third High Council ran from August 15 to August 24. The President was [[officers:Edward Parker|Commissioner Edward Parker]] and the Vice President was [[Charles Baugh|Commissioner Charles Baugh]]. General-Elect [[George Carpenter]] was announced.

===Nominees===
  * Commissioner [[Charles Baugh]]
  * Commissioner [[officers:Catherine Booth]]
  * Commissioner [[George Carpenter]]
  * Commissioner [[Alfred Cunningham]]
  * Lt. Commissioner [[William Dalziel]]
  * Commissioner [[officers:Alexander Damon]]
  * Commissioner [[officers:Samuel Hurren]]
  * Commissioner [[John McMillan]]
  * Commissioner [[Benjamin Orames]]
  * Lt. Commissioner [[Albert Orsborn]]

===Candidates===
  * Commissioner [[officers:Catherine Booth]]
  * Commissioner [[George Carpenter]]
  * Lt. Commissioner [[William Dalziel]]
  * Commissioner [[officers:Alexander Damon]]
  * Commissioner [[Benjamin Orames]]
  * Lt. Commissioner [[Albert Orsborn]]

====1946====
The fourth High Council ran from April 25 to May 9. The President was [[officers:Frank Dyer|Commissioner Frank Dyer]] and the Vice President was [[Norman S Marshall|Lt. Commissioner Norman Marshall]] followed by [[officers:Ejner Thykjaer|Commissioner Ejner Thkjaer]]. General-Elect [[Albert Orsborn]] was announced.

===Nominees===
  * Commissioner [[officers:Frank Barrett]]
  * Commissioner [[Charles Baugh]]
  * Commissioner [[officers:Catherine Booth]]
  * Commissioner [[William Dalziel]]
  * Lt. Commissioner [[Norman S Marshall|Norman Marshall]]
  * Commissioner [[William Maxwell]]
  * Commissioner [[Donald McMillan]]
  * Lt. Commissioner [[officers:Tobias Ögrim]]
  * Commissioner [[Benjamin Orames]]
  * Commissioner [[Albert Orsborn]]
  * Commissioner [[Ernest Pugmire]]
  * Commissioner [[officers:Phyllis Taylor]]

===Candidates===
  * Commissioner [[officers:Frank Barrett]]
  * Commissioner [[Charles Baugh]]
  * Commissioner [[officers:Catherine Booth]]
  * Commissioner [[William Dalziel]]
  * Lt. Commissioner [[Norman S Marshall|Norman Marshall]]
  * Commissioner [[William Maxwell]]
  * Commissioner [[Benjamin Orames]]
  * Commissioner [[Albert Orsborn]]

====1954====
The fifth High Council ran from April 29 to May 11. The President was [[William Dalziel|Commissioner William Dalziel]] and the Vice Presidents were [[officers:Emma Davies|Commissoner Emma Davies]] and [[officers:Ejner Thykjaer|Commissioner Ejner Thkjaer]]. General-Elect [[Wilfred Kitching]] was anounced.

===Nominees===
  * Commissioner [[John Allan]]
  * Lt. Commissioner [[William Wycliffe Booth|Wycliffe Booth]]
  * Commissioner [[Edgar Dibden]]
  * Commissioner [[Wilfred Kitching]]
  * Commissioner [[officers:Herbert Lord]]
  * Commissioner [[Norman S Marshall|Norman Marshall]]
  * General [[Albert Orsborn]]

===Candidates===
  * Lt. Commissioner [[William Wycliffe Booth|Wycliffe Booth]]
  * Commissioner [[Wilfred Kitching]]
  * Commissioner [[officers:Herbert Lord]]
  * Commissioner [[Norman S Marshall|Norman Marshall]]

====1963====
The sixth High Council ran from September 19 until October 1. The President was [[Norman S Marshall|Commissioner Norman Marshall]] and the Vice President was [[officers:Owen Culshaw|Commissioner Owen Culshaw]]. General-Elect [[Frederick Coutts]] was announced.

===Nominees===
  * Commissioner [[William Wycliffe Booth|Wycliffe Booth]]
  * Commissioner [[Frederick Coutts]]
  * Commissioner [[Edgar Grinsted]]
  * Commissioner [[officers:Glenn Ryan]]
  * Commissioner [[Erik Wickberg]]
  * Lt. Commissioner [[Clarence Wiseman]]

===Candidates===
  * Commissioner [[William Wycliffe Booth|Wycliffe Booth]]
  * Commissioner [[Frederick Coutts]]
  * Commissioner [[Edgar Grinsted]]
  * Commissioner [[officers:Glenn Ryan]]
  * Commissioner [[Erik Wickberg]]
  * Lt. Commissioner [[Clarence Wiseman]]

====1969====
The seventh High Council ran from July 17 to July 23. The President was [[officers:Hubert Scotney|Commissioner Hubert Scotney]] and the Vice President was [[Samuel Hepburn|Commissioner Samuel Hepburn]]. General-Elect [[Erik Wickberg]] was announced.

===Nominees===
  * Commissioner [[officers:Edward Carey]]
  * Commissioner [[officers:Francis Evans]]
  * Commissioner [[officers:Albert Mingay]]
  * Commissioner [[officers:Hubert Scotney]]
  * Commissioner [[officers:Kaare Westergaard]]
  * Commissioner [[Erik Wickberg]]
  * Commissioner [[Clarence Wiseman]]

===Candidates===
  * Commissioner [[officers:Kaare Westergaard]]
  * Commissioner [[Erik Wickberg]]

====1974====
The eighth High Council ran from May 4 to May 13. The President was [[Clarence Wiseman|Commissioner Clarence Wiseman]] followed by [[officers:Francis Evans|Commissioner Francis Evans]]. The Vice President was Commissioner Francis Evans followed by [[officers:Paul Carlson|Commissioner Paul Carlson]]. General-Elect [[Clarence Wiseman]] was announced.

===Nominees===
  * Commissioner [[Arnold Brown]]
  * Commissioner [[Geoffrey Dalziel]]
  * Commissioner [[Paul Kaiser II|Paul Kaiser]]
  * Commissioner [[officers:Leslie Pindred]]
  * Commissioner [[Bramwell Tripp]]
  * Commissioner [[Clarence Wiseman]]

===Candidates===
  * Commissioner [[Arnold Brown]]
  * Commissioner [[Geoffrey Dalziel]]
  * Commissioner [[Paul Kaiser II|Paul Kaiser]]
  * Commissioner [[Clarence Wiseman]]

====1977====
The ninth High Council ran from April 29 to May 5. The President was [[Bramwell Tripp|Commissioner Bramwell Tripp]] and the Vice President was [[officers:Leslie Pindred|Commissioner Leslie Pindred]]. General-Elect [[Arnold Brown]] was announced.

===Nominees===
  * Commissioner [[Arnold Brown]]
  * Commissioner [[officers:Stanley Cottrill]]
  * Commissioner [[Geoffrey Dalziel]]
  * Commissioner [[officers:Harry Williams]]

===Candidates===
  * Commissioner [[Arnold Brown]]
  * Commissioner [[officers:Harry Williams]]

====1981====
The tenth High Council ran from October 16 to October 23. The President was [[officers:William Goodier|Commissioner William Goodier]] and the Vice President was [[Eva Burrows|Commissioner Eva Burrows]]. General-Elect [[Jarl Wahlström]] was announced.

===Nominees===
  * Commissioner [[officers:Caughey Gauntlett]]
  * Commissioner [[officers:Arthur Holland]]
  * Commissioner [[officers:Denis Hunter]]
  * Commissioner [[Norman S Marshall II|Norman Marshall]]
  * Commissioner [[John D Needham]]
  * Commissioner [[officers:George Nelting]]
  * Commissioner [[officers:Howard Orsborn]]
  * Commissioner [[Arthur Pitcher]]
  * Commissioner [[Jarl Wahlström]]

===Candidates===
  * Commissioner [[officers:Caughey Gauntlett]]
  * Commissioner [[officers:Denis Hunter]]
  * Commissioner [[Norman S Marshall II|Norman Marshall]]
  * Commissioner [[officers:Howard Orsborn]]
  * Commissioner [[Arthur Pitcher]]
  * Commissioner [[Jarl Wahlström]]

====1986====
The eleventh High Council ran from April 25 to May 2. The President was [[Norman S Marshall II|Commissioner Norman Marshall]] and the Vice President was [[Anna Hannevik|Commissioner Anna Hannevik]]. General-Elect [[Eva Burrows]] was announced.

===Nominees===
  * Commissioner [[Eva Burrows]]
  * Commissioner [[officers:Francy Cachelin]]
  * Commissioner [[officers:William Cairns]]
  * Commissioner [[officers:Ron Cox]]
  * Commissioner [[officers:Stanley Ditmer]]
  * Commissioner [[officers:Caughey Gauntlett]]
  * Colonel [[Wesley Harris]]
  * Commissioner [[Norman S Marshall II|Norman Marshall]]
  * Commissioner [[Andrew Miller]]
  * Commissioner [[William Pratt]]
  * Commissioner [[Harry Read]]
  * Commissioner [[officers:Robert Rightmire]]
  * Commissioner [[officers:Mannam Samuel]]

===Candidates===
  * Commissioner [[Eva Burrows]]
  * Commissioner [[officers:Francy Cachelin]]
  * Commissioner [[officers:William Cairns]]
  * Colonel [[Wesley Harris]]
  * Commissioner [[Andrew Miller]]
  * Commissioner [[Harry Read]]
  * Commissioner [[officers:Mannam Samuel]]

====1993====
The twelfth High Council ran from April 22 to April 28. The President was [[James Osborne|Commissioner James Osborne]] and the Vice President was [[Wesley Harris|Commissioner Wesley Harris]]. General-Elect [[Bramwell Tillsley]] was announced.

===Nominees===
  * Commissioner [[officers:Peter Chang]]
  * Commissioner [[John Gowans]]
  * Commissioner [[Kenneth L Hodder|Kenneth Hodder]]
  * Commissioner [[officers:Earle Maxwell]]
  * Commissioner [[James Osborne]]
  * Commissioner [[officers:Dinsdale Pender]]
  * Commissioner [[Paul Rader]]
  * Commissioner [[Bramwell Tillsley]]

===Candidates===
  * Commissioner [[John Gowans]]
  * Commissioner [[Kenneth L Hodder|Kenneth Hodder]]
  * Commissioner [[officers:Earle Maxwell]]
  * Commissioner [[officers:Dinsdale Pender]]
  * Commissioner [[Paul Rader]]
  * Commissioner [[Bramwell Tillsley]]

====1994====
The 13th High Council ran from July 19 to July 23. The President was [[Kenneth L Hodder|Commissioner Kenneth Hodder]] and the Vice President was [[officers:John Clinch|Commissioner John Clinch]]. General-Elect [[Paul Rader]] was announced.

===Nominees===
  * Commissioner [[John Gowans]]
  * Commissioner [[Kenneth L Hodder|Kenneth Hodder]]
  * Commissioner [[officers:Ronald Irwin]]
  * Commissioner [[officers:Ah Ang Lim]]
  * Commissioner [[officers:Earle Maxwell]]
  * Commissioner [[Paul Rader]]

===Candidates===
  * Commissioner [[John Gowans]]
  * Commissioner [[officers:Earle Maxwell]]
  * Commissioner [[Paul Rader]]

====1999====
The 14th High Council ran from May 6 to May 15. The President was [[Robert Watson|Commissioner Robert Watson]] and the Vice President was [[officers:Verna Skinner|Commissioner Verna Skinner]]. General-Elect [[John Gowans]] was announced.

===Nominees===
  * Colonel [[Shaw Clifton]]
  * Commissioner [[officers:Douglas Davis]]
  * Commissioner [[officers:David Edwards]]
  * Colonel [[Israel Gaither]]
  * Commissioner [[John Gowans]]
  * Commissioner [[John Larsson]]
  * Commissioner [[officers:Earle Maxwell]]
  * Commissioner [[Robert Watson]]

===Candidates===
  * Colonel [[Shaw Clifton]]
  * Colonel [[Israel Gaither]]
  * Commissioner [[John Gowans]]
  * Commissioner [[John Larsson]]
  * Commissioner [[officers:Earle Maxwell]]

====2002====
The 15th High Council ran from August 30 to September 6. The President was [[Brian Taylor|Commissioner Brian Taylor]] and the Vice President was [[Linda Bond|Commissioner Linda Bond]]. General-Elect [[John Larsson]] was announced.

===Nominees===
  * Commissioner [[Shaw Clifton]]
  * Commissioner [[Paul de Plessis]]
  * Commissioner [[Israel Gaither]]
  * Commissioner [[Alex Hughes]]
  * Commissioner [[officers:Hasse Kjellgren]]
  * Commissioner [[John Larsson]]
  * Commissioner [[Mohan Masih]]
  * Commissioner [[Philip Needham]]
  * Commissioner [[officers:Donald Ødegaard]]

===Candidates===
  * Commissioner [[Shaw Clifton]]
  * Commissioner [[officers:Hasse Kjellgren]]
  * Commissioner [[John Larsson]]

====2006====
The 16th High Council ran from January 20 to January 28. The President was [[W Todd Bassett|Commissioner W. Todd Bassett]] and the Vice President was [[officers:Robin Dunster|Commissioner Robin Dunster]]. General-Elect [[Shaw Clifton]] was announced.

===Nominees===
  * Commissioner [[Linda Bond]]
  * Commissioner [[Shaw Clifton]]
  * Commissioner [[Israel Gaither]]
  * Commissioner [[officers:Hasse Kjellgren]]
  * Commissioner [[officers:Carl Lydholm]]
  * Commissioner [[M. Christine MacMillan]]
  * Commissioner [[Philip Needham]]

===Candidates===
  * Commissioner [[Shaw Clifton]]
  * Commissioner [[Israel Gaither]]
  * Commissioner [[officers:Hasse Kjellgren]]
  * Commissioner [[officers:Carl Lydholm]]
  * Commissioner [[M. Christine MacMillan]]

====2011====
The 17th High Council ran from January 21 to January 31 at Sunbury Court, United Kingdom. The President was [[William Francis|Commissioner William Francis]] followed by [[James Knaggs|Commissioner James Knaggs]]. The Vice President was [[officers:Betty Matear|Commissioner Betty Matear]] followed by [[officers:Birgette Brekke|Commissioner Birgette Brekke]]. General-Elect [[Linda Bond]] was announced.

===Nominees===
  * Commissioner [[Linda Bond]]
  * Commissioner [[Max Feener]]
  * Commissioner [[William Francis]]
  * Commissioner [[James Knaggs]]
  * Commissioner [[Dick Krommenhoek]]
  * Commissioner [[M. Christine MacMillan]]
  * Commissioner [[John Matear]]
  * Commissioner [[William Roberts]]
  * Commissioner [[Robert Street]]
  * Commissioner [[Barry Swanson]]

===Candidates===
  * Commissioner [[Linda Bond]]
  * Commissioner [[Max Feener]]
  * Commissioner [[William Francis]]
  * Commissioner [[Dick Krommenhoek]]
  * Commissioner [[M. Christine MacMillan]]
  * Commissioner [[John Matear]]
  * Commissioner [[William Roberts]]
  * Commissioner [[Robert Street]]
  * Commissioner [[Barry Swanson]]

====2013====
The 18th High Council ran from July 29 to August 3 at the Renaissance Hotel, London Heathrow, United Kingdom. 
The President was [[William Roberts|Commissioner William Roberts]] and the Vice President was [[officers:Birgette Brekke|Commissioner Birgette Brekke]]. General-Elect [[André Cox]] was announced with immediate effect.

===Nominees===
  * Commissioner [[officers:Clive Adams]]
  * Commissioner [[André Cox]]
  * Commissioner [[Kenneth G Hodder]]
  * Commissioner [[James Knaggs]]
  * Commissioner [[Dick Krommenhoek]]
  * Commissioner [[Barry Swanson]]

===Candidates===
  * Commissioner [[André Cox]]
  * Commissioner [[Kenneth G Hodder]]
  * Commissioner [[James Knaggs]]
  * Commissioner [[Dick Krommenhoek]]
  * Commissioner [[Barry Swanson]]

====2018====
The 19th High Council ran from May 17 to May 24. General-Elect [[Brian Peddle]] was announced.

===Nominees===
  * Commissioner [[Brad Bailey]]
  * Commissioner [[William Cochrane]]
  * Commissioner [[Kenneth G Hodder]]
  * Commissioner [[Dick Krommenhoek]]
  * Commissioner [[Benjamin Mnyampi]]
  * Commissioner [[E. Jane Paone]]
  * Commissioner [[Brian Peddle]]
  * Commissioner [[Floyd Tidd]]
  * Commissioner [[Mark Tillsley]]

===Candidates===
  * Commissioner [[Brad Bailey]]
  * Commissioner [[William Cochrane]]
  * Commissioner [[Kenneth G Hodder]]
  * Commissioner [[E. Jane Paone]]
  * Commissioner [[Brian Peddle]]

====2023====
The 20th High Council was convened on May 24, 2023. General-Elect [[Lyndon Buckingham]] was announced.

===Nominees===
  * Commissioner [[Lyndon Buckingham]]
  * Commissioner [[Keith Conrad]]
  * Commissioner [[Merle Heatwole]]
  * Commissioner [[Kenneth G Hodder]]
  * Colonel [[Diana MacDonald]]

===Candidates===
  * Commissioner [[Lyndon Buckingham]]
  * Commissioner [[Merle Heatwole]]
  * Commissioner [[Kenneth G Hodder]]
  * Colonel [[Diana MacDonald]]

====External====
  * [[https://web.archive.org/web/20160419135654/http://www.salvationarmy.org/ihq/highcouncil2011;jsessionid=05B2E1E4BAC909C4B1F8608CBC4F9140|High Council 2011]]
  * [[https://web.archive.org/web/20160316104857/http://www.salvationarmy.org/ihq/HighCouncil2013|Hich Council 2013]]
  * [[https://web.archive.org/web/20180803074018/https://www.salvationarmy.org/ihq/highcouncil2018|2018 High Council]]
  * [[https://web.archive.org/web/20190321200808/https://www.salvationarmy.org/ihq/news/hc2018profiles|2018 High Council: Candidate Profiles]]
  * [[https://salvationarmy.org/ihq/news/240523-high-council-nominations|2023 High Council Nominations Received]]
  * [[https://salvationist.ca/archives-and-museum/people/wycliffe-booth/|Commissioners Wycliffe and Renee Booth]]
  * [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Council_of_The_Salvation_Army|Wikipedia]]
  * The Salvation Army Yearbook - 2024
  * [[http://pa.salvationarmy.org/lehigh-valley/29BE8B1202D4532C8525779A00500DD3|Chronology]]